Posted on 8-4-2003

Disarmament In Tatters
James Sterngold , San Francisco Chronicle, Sunday 6 April 2003

The Bush administration's war to disarm Iraq and its increasingly unilateral approach to international disputes, say arms control experts, are helping to paralyze one of the most hopeful products of the post-World War II era: the global arms control and disarmament movement.

They argue that the elaborately constructed system of disarmament treaties and organizations, which over the years had controlled the spread of everything from chemical and biological weapons to nuclear materials, has been dangerously imperiled. Any new agreements are at best a distant dream. "It is all very much dead in the water at the moment," said William Potter, a U.N. adviser and director of the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies.

In fact, arms control advocates note, there is a particular irony to the war in Iraq: While U.S. forces pound Saddam Hussein in one of the most radical -- and expensive -- unilateral acts of disarming another country, the leading international forum for negotiating multilateral arms control agreements, the United Nations-affiliated Conference on Disarmament, is so frozen by disputes that it is unable even to agree on an agenda. Negotiations of crucial issues relating to nuclear materials, weapons in space and biological weapons are completely deadlocked. "There is a lot of despair," said Jayantha Dhanapala, undersecretary- general for disarmament affairs at the United Nations, who worked to extend the Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1995. "There is a general feeling that the disarmament machinery is just not working."

Although there is general agreement that the old system is broken, it is not clear what will replace it -- or how newly emerging proliferation threats should be addressed. Even a quick success in Iraq, for instance, will leave the Bush administration facing a potentially much graver challenge in North Korea, which is believed to have secretly built two nuclear weapons and is now openly revving up a production program. North Korea was the first country to abandon an arms agreement when it announced three months ago that it was withdrawing from the Non-Proliferation Treaty. That withdrawal takes effect this Thursday.

The Bush administration has argued it was forced to act in Iraq precisely because arms control agreements had failed to hold back rogue states like Iraq that were determined to acquire and keep weapons of mass destruction. But, critics claim, the administration contributed to their failure by walking away from a number of agreements. It has, for instance, abrogated the 1972 Anti- Ballistic Missile Treaty and it has made clear it has no intention of seeking ratification of the 1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, which President Clinton signed but the Senate rejected once before. At the same time, the administration has proposed developing a new generation of nuclear weapons and possibly using them pre-emptively against hostile nations suspected of developing prohibited weapons. Many experts believe this strategy will only provoke some other nations to develop their own weapons of mass destruction -- thus making the work of arms control advocates that much harder. "I can't recall any point in time when there have been so many challenges to the traditional way of approaching arms control," Potter said. "I really question whether the system can bear the strains.'

Robert Einhorn, a senior disarmament official in the Clinton administration, said that, even without the Bush administration's aggressive policies, the traditional arms control approach was already being undermined by other nations who chose to ignore the treaties, overtly or covertly. "We've realized that good rules can't make bad guys good," he said. "Those mechanisms could only hold off the really determined cheaters so long."

John Bolton, the Bush administration's undersecretary of state for arms control and international security, put the case bluntly when he addressed the Conference on Disarmament last year. Given the deadlock in the conference, he described its debates as an exercise in futility, and insisted that the United States was prepared to act on its own. "Our policy is, quite simply, pro-American, as you would expect," he said. In November 2001, Bolton warned that six countries other than Iraq -- North Korea, Iran, Libya, Syria, Sudan and Cuba -- must dismantle their programs developing chemical, biological or nuclear weapons. But no international organization has moved to address the issue. "The problem is not just that the governments are not in agreement today," said Daryl Kimball, the executive director of the Arms Control Association. "The structure may not be adequate given how many are breaking the rules."

The turnaround in the fortunes of the arms control movement has been remarkably swift. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to a string of breakthroughs, including missile reductions, the elimination of nuclear weapons from many of the former Soviet states, an agreement with North Korea to mothball its nuclear program and the conclusion of a chemical weapons treaty. But in 1998, India and Pakistan both exploded nuclear test devices, Iraq halted the U.N. weapons inspection program, and Iran and North Korea tested missiles. Shortly afterward, the U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Potter said the failure of the international community to impose significant sanctions against India and Pakistan contributed to the breakdown of the prohibitions and encouraged a flood of new violations.

Last February, Vice Admiral Lowell Jacoby, director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, told the Senate Select Commission on Intelligence that "some 25 countries possess or are actively pursuing WMD or missile programs." He added that some Third World countries had also begun exporting their newly acquired technology for producing weapons of mass destruction, accelerating the alarming trend.

Meanwhile:

-- The United States has rejected an inspection and verification program for the biological weapons treaty, saying it is not stringent enough.

-- Talks on a treaty to prohibit weapons in outer space and to ban the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons are stalled.

-- The United States is resisting the space treaty, in part because it wants to consider deploying lasers on satellites as part of a missile defense, while China argues that without progress on that issue it will resist movement on the treaty to prohibit the development of fissile materials.

-- Efforts to ban the use of land mines are deadlocked, in part because of U.S. opposition.

-- While the United States and Russia have agreed to a nuclear missile reduction treaty -- which Russian President Vladimir Putin asked the State Duma to ratify on Saturday -- arms control specialists say it is fatally flawed because the decommissioned weapons are to be put in storage rather than destroyed, which means they could be redeployed at any time.