Posted on 1-8-2002
USAIDing
Who?
Washington Post, By Rick Weiss, July 31, 2002
Thousands of tons of U.S. emergency food aid destined for crisis-stricken
Zimbabwe has been diverted to other countries, and a new shipload
may be
diverted within days, because the donations include genetically
modified
corn that the Zimbabwean government does not want to accept.
The image of a nation on the brink of starvation turning down
food because
it has been genetically engineered has reignited a long-smoldering
scientific and political controversy over the risks and benefits
of
gene-altered food. Some biotech advocates are criticizing the
Zimbabwean
government for balking at the humanitarian assistance, saying
President
Robert Mugabe seems to care more about his political independence
than his
citizens' lives. About half of Zimbabwe's 12 million residents
are on the
verge of famine because of drought and political mismanagement,
according
to the United Nations. But other scientists and economists say
the troubled
African nation has good reason to reject the engineered kernels.
If some of
the corn seeds are sown instead of eaten, the resulting plants
will produce
gene-altered pollen that will blow about and contaminate surrounding
fields. That could render much of the corn grown in Zimbabwe
-- a nation
that in most years is a major exporter -- unshippable to nations
in Europe
and elsewhere that restrict imports of bioengineered food, because
of
environmental and health concerns.
The United States could save lives and avert a potential ecological
crisis
by paying to have the corn kernels milled before they enter
Zimbabwe,
several experts said this week. But relief officials said U.S.
food
agencies typically don't cover milling expenses, which are estimated
at $25
per metric ton -- a significant expense for a nation so poor.
That response
has fueled suspicion among some observers in the United States
and Africa
that Washington is using the food crisis to get U.S. gene-altered
products
established in a corner of the world that has largely resisted
them. "The
U.S. is using its power to impose its view that modified maize
is not a
danger," said Carol Thompson, a political economist at Northern
Arizona
University in Flagstaff, who has spent much of the past 10 years
in Zimbabwe.
Zimbabwe and five other southern African nations -- Lesotho,
Malawi,
Mozambique, Swaziland and Zambia -- face widespread food shortages
after
two years of drought and floods. The U.N. World Food Program
has said the
region will need 1 million metric tons of food aid in the next
few months,
Only a fraction of that amount has been promised by donors so
far. The
first shipload of U.S. food aid for Zimbabwe -- a landlocked
nation that is
the hardest hit of the affected countries -- arrived at a Tanzanian
port in
June. It was carrying about 10,000 metric tons of corn from
the U.S. Agency
for International Development (USAID).
But the corn, which in Africa is known as maize and is valued
by agencies
at about $95 a metric ton, was not welcome. Like most corn stores
in the
United States, the shipment was a mix of conventional varieties
and
high-tech kernels bearing bacterial genes to protect against
insect pests.
The Zimbabwean government, which for decades has supported the
development
of corn varieties suited to local ecosystems, is concerned not
only about
genetic contamination, but also about intellectual property
issues. Pending
changes in international trade rules, backed by the United States,
could
preclude farmers from saving the patented seeds from biotech
harvests for
replanting in following years, a practice vital to many subsistence
farmers
who cannot afford to buy new seed every year. "If these crops
get in, then
farmers basically lose their rights to their own agricultural
resources,"
said Carole Collins, senior policy analyst for the Washington-based
Africa
Faith and Justice Network.
Moreover, some European countries want to ban imports of cattle
that have
been fed engineered corn, posing another potential trade problem
for
Zimbabwe if engineered kernels were to swamp the country. When
notified of
the June shipment, officials told the United Nations that, although
the
country was not absolutely rejecting the aid, it preferred that
the corn be
milled first so no seeds could be planted. That response got
to the U.N.
two days after World Food Program officials decided to unload
the kernels
and ship them to Malawi, said Judith Lewis, the program's regional
director
for southern and eastern Africa. Malawi is among the poorest
of southern
African nations and does not have a firm policy on gene-altered
food.
Now a second ship of Zimbabwe-bound U.S. corn has arrived, this
time in the
South African port of Durban. It includes 17,500 metric tons
of corn
kernels, and USAID wants a decision from Zimbabwe by tomorrow,
Lewis said.
Zimbabwean officials discussed their options yesterday without
reaching a
decision, and were scheduled to have further meetings today.
USAID
representatives have expressed frustration with this and previous
situations like it. When India balked over a humanitarian shipment
of
gene-altered food, one U.S. official was quoted as saying, "Beggars
can't
be choosers."
At a news conference in Johannesburg on Friday, Roger Winter,
USAID's
assistant administrator for humanitarian assistance, suggested
that
Zimbabwe had little choice if it wanted to feed its people.
"We have no
substitute for that maize. That maize is what's available,"
he said.
Indeed, very little nonengineered corn is segregated from high-tech
varieties during the U.S. harvest, and that portion sells at
a premium to
organic food processors and others. Per Pinstrup-Andersen, director
general
of the International Food Policy Research Institute, a Washington-based
nongovernmental organization, said Zimbabwe was using the food
to play
politics. "I think the Zimbabwe government is using this to
show its muscle
against the United States and other Western countries because
of the
criticism the president has been receiving from outside," Pinstrup-Andersen
said, referring to widespread criticism of Mugabe's recent land-reform
policies and accusations of government cronyism. "I think it
is
irresponsible . . . unless they know they can get enough food
from
elsewhere that is not genetically modified."
Mugabe has said he is being prudent. "We fight the present drought
with our
eyes clearly set on the future of the agricultural sector, which
is the
mainstay of our economy," he told Zimbabwe's parliament on July
23. "We
dare not endanger its future through misplaced decisions based
on acts of
either desperation or expediency." Neil E. Harl, a professor
of economics
at Iowa State University, agreed that much was at stake. "Pollen
drift is a
real problem, especially with maize," Harl said. "It places
these countries
in an extremely difficult position." He and several other experts
recommended that the United States pay for milling costs. "It
is highly
unethical not to just cover the costs for milling," said Thompson,
the
Arizona professor. "Tell me how much it costs to drop one bomb
on
Afghanistan. Who is starving whom here?"
Asked if people were going "too far" by saying that gene-altered
humanitarian exports were part of a strategy to spread the crops
around the
world, Harl said: "I'm not sure that is going too far." U.S.
government and
biotech representatives vehemently denied any such collusion.
"I don't
think there is any justification to make claims like that,"
said Rob
Horsch, director of global technology transfer for Monsanto,
the St. Louis
biotech giant that owns the rights to many biotech crop varieties.
Although
the company has used private detectives to identify and prosecute
U.S. and
Canadian farmers it suspects of saving patented seeds, that
policy would be
adapted to accommodate local traditions in other countries,
Horsch said.
USAID officials also rejected the notion that they were strong-arming
Zimbabwe or had any agenda other than feeding the needy. With
food
shortages increasing every day, some U.S. officials said late
yesterday
that they believed Zimbabwe was on the verge of accepting the
corn.
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