Posted on 17-6-2002
The
New Plutocracy
By PAUL KRUGMAN
Kevin Phillips's new book, "Wealth and Democracy," is a 422-page
doorstopper, but much of the book's message is contained in
one stunning
table. That table, in the middle of a chapter titled "Millennial
Plutographics," reports the compensation of America's 10 most
highly paid
C.E.O.'s in 1981, 1988 and 2000.
In 1981 those captains of industry were paid an average of $3.5
million,
which seemed like a lot at the time. By 1988 the average had
soared to
$19.3 million, which seemed outrageous. But by 2000 the average
annual pay
of the top 10 was $154 million. It's true that wages of ordinary
workers
roughly doubled over the same period, though the bulk of that
gain was
eaten up by inflation. But earnings of top executives rose 4,300
percent.
What are we to make of this astonishing development? Stealing
(and
modifying) a line from Slate's Mickey Kaus, I'd say that an
influential
body of opinion has reacted to global warming and the emergence
of an
American plutocracy the same way: "It's not true, it's not true,
it's not
true, nothing can be done about it." For many years there was
a concerted
effort by think tanks, politicians and intellectuals to deny
that
inequality was increasing in this country. Glenn Hubbard, now
chairman of
the Council of Economic Advisers, is a highly competent economist;
but he
demonstrated his fealty during the first Bush administration
with a
ludicrously rigged study purporting to show that income distribution
doesn't matter because there is huge "income mobility" - that
is, that this
decade's poor are likely to be next decade's rich and vice versa.
They
aren't, of course. Even across generations there is a lot less
income
mobility than the folk wisdom about "shirt sleeves to shirt
sleeves in
three generations" would have it. Mr. Phillips shows that tales
of downward
mobility in once-wealthy families are greatly exaggerated; the
descendants
of 19th-century robber barons are still quite different from
you and me.
But the Gilded Age looked positively egalitarian compared with
the
concentration of wealth now emerging in America. Pretty soon
denial will no
longer be possible. What will the apologists say next?
First we will hear that vast fortunes are justified because
they are the
reward for vast achievement. Here's where that table comes in
handy,
because it tells you what achievements actually get rewarded.
Only one of
the 10, Tyco's Dennis Kozlowski, has actually been indicted.
But of the
rest, three - four, if you count John Chambers of Cisco - were
Andy Warhol
C.E.O.'s: their companies were famous for 15 minutes, just long
enough for
the executives to cash in their stock options. The list also
includes
Gerald Levin, who engineered Time Warner's merger with AOL at
the top of
the Internet bubble; even at the time it seemed obvious that
he was trading
half his original shareholders' birthright for a mess of cyber-pottage.
We'll also hear that in any case nothing can be done to limit
the
accumulation and inheritance of vast wealth. We'll be told,
for example,
that reinstating the estate tax would have devastating economic
effects -
even though the great boom of the 1990's took place with a 55-percent
tax
on the largest inheritances. I've even been assured by some
correspondents
that inheritance taxes on the very rich are impractical, that
they will
always be evaded - this in spite of the fact that in 1999 the
estate tax
raised about $15 billion from estates worth more than $5 million.
But it's
not just a matter of collecting taxes. Mr. Phillips, a lifelong
Republican,
is most concerned not by economics per se but by the political
consequences
of wealth concentration. He warns that "the imbalance of wealth
and
democracy is unsustainable, at least by
traditional yardsticks."
How will this imbalance be resolved? The economists Claudia
Goldin and
Robert Margo have dubbed the narrowing of income gaps that took
place under
F.D.R. the "Great Compression"; if I read Mr. Phillips right,
he thinks
something like that will happen again. But he also offers a
bleak
alternative: "Either democracy must be renewed, with politics
brought back
to life, or wealth is likely to cement a new and less democratic
regime -
plutocracy by some other name."
Apocalyptic stuff. But Mr. Phillips has an impressive track
record as a
political visionary. What if he's right?
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