Posted on 16-8-2004
Nuclear
Comeback?
Is the reviled n-power the answer to global warming? John Vidal
talks to
the converts to the cause, who unashamedly exploit the product
of
industrialism, global warming, to foster further industrialism.
August 12, 2004, The Guardian
Nuclear power is back on the march. Reviled and rejected for
25 years as
man's most dangerous and unsustainable fuel source, its friends
are now
billing nuclear power as the only practical way of countering
climate
change, oil shocks and landscape destruction in the west.
So, is it possible that public opinion is wrong, and that nuclear
should
be the fuel of choice of the future?
Absolutely, says Tony Blair, who last month told MPs that America
was
pressing Britain to re-examine the case for building a new generation
of
nuclear power stations. Nuclear must stay on the agenda "if
you are
serious about the issue of climate change".
Definitely, says the independent scientist James Lovelock, who
has
repeated his lifelong support for nuclear energy and recently
argued
that civilisation is in "imminent danger" from global
warming and must
use nuclear power - "the one safe, available, energy source"
- to avoid
catastrophe.
Perhaps, say some of Britain's leading environmental thinkers,
who are
calling for a debate about whether nuclear needs to be reassessed,
and
whether it should even be compared to other forms of renewable
energy.
Electricity generation is responsible for about one third of
worldwide
greenhouse gases and, according to the UN's International Atomic
Energy
Agency (IAEA), nuclear power, which provides 16% of the world's
electricity, saves roughly 600m tonnes of carbon emissions per
year.
This is almost twice the total amount the so far unratified
global
warming Kyoto Protocol treaty is designed to save.
On emissions, nuclear compares well with renewables, says the
agency.
The nuclear power chain, from uranium mining to waste disposal
and
including reactor and construction emits roughly 2-6 grams of
carbon per
kilowatt-hour. This, it says, is about the same as wind and
solar power,
and two orders of magnitude below coal, oil and even natural
gas.
With world electricity demand expected to increase at least
30% and
possibly up to 100% on 1990 figures by 2020, the World Nuclear
Association says nuclear is now not just an option but a necessity
for
survival. "With carbon emissions threatening the very stability
of the
biosphere, the security of our world requires a massive transformation
to clean energy," says Ian Hore-Lacy of the London-based
lobby group.
But the nuclear industry is almost at a standstill in member
countries
of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
No new
nuclear station has been ordered in the US for 25 years, and
only one is
being built in western Europe, in Finland. Germany, Belgium,
Holland and
Sweden are to phase out existing plants, and Austria, Denmark
and
Ireland have stated policies against nuclear. In many other
places,
including Britain, there is little or no public support.
Nuclear has, however, found an important niche market in Asia.
Of 27
stations now under construction worldwide, 16 are in China,
India, Japan
and South Korea. China and India both intend at least to quadruple
their
nuclear output and have started nine new power plants in the
past four
years and have 10 more under construction.
"They are going flat out to develop civil nuclear power,"
says
Hore-Lacy. "Brazil is also reviving its plans for nuclear
and South
Africa is waiting to get the financial go-ahead. If you factor
in the
carbon, then the economics looks [even] more favourable for
nuclear."
He expects the industry's next big push to be in America and
Europe,
where growing awareness of climate change is worrying governments
committed to cutting emissions. On the back of anti-wind power
sentiment
voiced by celebrities like David Bellamy and Sir Bernard Ingham,
the
industry is now working with the Bush administration to persuade
governments to commission a new generation of stations. In Britain,
the
crunch will come in 2006, when the renewable energy strategy
will be
reviewed. If wind power is found not to be meeting targets then
pressure
to commission new nuclear stations will be enormous.
Nuclear now has powerful advocates around government who say
it is the
best way to survive climate change. "One advantage is that
the
technology is known," says Sir John Houghton, former head
of the Met
Office and the UN's intercontinental panel on climate change,
in a new
edition of Global Warming, the Complete Briefing.
"They can be built now and therefore contribute to the
reduction of
carbon dioxide emissions ... estimates are that the cost of
nuclear
electricity is similar to the cost of electricity from natural
gas when
the additional cost of capture and sequestration of carbon dioxide
is
added."
Sir Crispin Tickell, former UK ambassador to the UN, who famously
introduced Margaret Thatcher to the environment and has advised
governments on sustainable development, has said that the word
nuclear
was banned from Downing street, but is now being reassessed
out of
necessity. "The problems of true cost, safety, proliferation,
security,
risk and the rest should be examined in a complete overall assessment
of
nuclear against other forms of renewable energy to lay a proper
foundation for debate and future policy," he said recently.
"All over
the world people have to change their ways and remodel their
thinking.
Otherwise Nature will do what she has done to over 99% of species
that
have ever lived, and do the job for us."
Other environmentalists, traditionally hostile to nuclear, say
that
growing understanding of climate change is leading them to question
old
assumptions. "It's important that environmentalists don't
become
fundamentalists [just] following the 1970s line," says
Paul Allen,
development director at the Centre for Alternative Technology
in
Machynlleth. "We've got to look at all the arguments. We
have to engage
in the debate. Nuclear is one of the arguments that must be
considered.
We should not just write it off."
Allen says he is not endorsing nuclear, but is trying to keep
an open
mind. Nuclear costs, he says, must include the security, insurance,
decommissioning, long term storage and waste disposal costs,
as well as
the energy needed to build the plants. "For me [nuclear]
is not a
winner, but let's do the calculations," he says.
Keith Taylor, new joint principal speaker of the Green party,
agrees
that the worst nuclear disaster would not be as serious as the
worst
possible climate change. However, he adds that this does not
justify
using nuclear power, which he says is now subsidised in Britain
by £2m a
day. "But no one group has all the solutions," he
says. "No one can
afford to be dogmatic. It's important to listen to each other."
The IAEA does not believe that nuclear power can grow fast enough
to
combat global warming. Last month, as part of the celebrations
for 50
years of civil nuclear power, director general Dr Mohamed El
Baradei
said that even if the global economy grew strongly, nuclear
power would
only grow about 70% over the next 25 years and its share of
world energy
would proportionately fall because of the more rapid expansion
of other
electricity sources.
He concluded that for the rural poor in developing countries,
off-grid,
small-scale, localised renewables are the best power solution,
but that
nuclear suited the needs of big, expanding cities, and countries
with
large centralised power generation.
But a global nuclear programme, of the scale needed to push
its share
well ahead of other forms of fossil fuel electricity generation,
could
cost hundreds of billions of dollars to get up and running and
has
little likelihood of attracting private finance. Safety fears,
a problem
since Chernobyl in 1986 and Three Mile Island more than 20 years
ago,
were highlighted this week when four men died when steam leaked
at a
Japanese nuclear plant. Officials say no radiation was released
from the
Mihama plant.
Nuclear stations usually take eight to 15 years to build, and
almost
that long to start repaying their financial and carbon investments.
"The
simple solution is that renewables and energy conservation can
deliver
the cuts immediately," says a Greenpeace spokesman. "All
it needs is
political will. To start a new nuclear programme would divert
political
will and money away from renewables, which are proven. The money
which
would have to be spent developing a new generation of nuclear
stations
could
massively stimulate other forms of renewables."
Civil nuclear power was barely debated in Britain when introduced
more
than 40 years ago, and its prospects collapsed almost without
public
discussion when the financiers saw the figures did not stack
up in the
1990s. If governments waving the green flag now try to persuade
the
public that a new generation of station is needed, then the
arguments on
both sides will be furious and divisive.
Even if nuclear were the best option to tackle global warming,
it's
likely to fail again on cost grounds, says the Rocky Mountain
Institute,
the US energy consultant which advises governments and big companies.
"Capital is finite," says a spokesman. "Each
dollar invested in electric
efficiency displaces nearly seven times as much carbon dioxide
as a
dollar invested in nuclear power, without any nasty side effects.
If
climate change is the problem, nuclear power isn't the solution.
It's an
expensive, one-size-fits-all technology that diverts money and
time from
cheaper, safer, more resilient alternatives."
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